The AC joint is where the acromion (part of the scapula) meets the clavicle (collarbone) and is crucial for shoulder function. It allows for overhead motion and provides stability to the shoulder complex through a combination of ligaments, cartilage, and surrounding musculature.

Common AC Joint Pathologies

• AC Joint Sprain: Caused by trauma or repetitive stress, resulting in ligamentous injury and pain.
• AC Joint Arthritis: Degenerative changes in the joint due to wear and tear, leading to pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
• AC Joint Separation: Disruption of the ligaments connecting the acromion and clavicle, often due to traumatic injury.
• AC Joint Osteolysis: Degenerative condition characterized by bone resorption in the AC joint, causing pain and instability.
• AC Joint Cyst: Formation of fluid-filled sacs near the AC joint, often associated with underlying joint pathology.

Symptoms of AC Joint Pathologies:

• Pain, especially with overhead activities or pressure on the AC joint.
• Swelling, tenderness, and visible deformity (in cases of severe separation).
• Limited range of motion and shoulder instability.
• Crepitus (grinding or popping sensation) with movement.

Treatment Options

Conservative Management:

• Rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and inflammation.
• Physical therapy to improve strength, flexibility, and shoulder mechanics.
• Corticosteroid injections for temporary relief of symptoms.

Surgical Intervention

• Arthroscopic procedures for AC joint debridement, resection, or stabilization.
• Open surgery for severe AC joint separations or osteolysis requiring ligament reconstruction or joint reconstruction.